Outline an experimental approach to determining the average chain growth rate for transcription in vivo. Chain growth rate is the number of nucleotides polymerized per minute per RNA chain. Fill in the blanks.

Label a growing bacterial or cell culture for a brief interval with a mixture of 14C-labeled nucleosides, which would be converted to nucleotides and incorporated into _____. Isolate total ______and subject it to hydrolysis with mild _____. Every _____-terminal nucleotide will be released as a nucleoside. Separate nucleosides from nucleotides, by ______. Total picomoles of nucleotide in the hydrolysate divided by total picomoles of nucleoside gives the number of nucleotides incorporated per _______chain-which, when divided by the labeling interval (minutes) gives the growth rate of individual chains (nucleotides incorporated per ______ chain per minute). An interesting variant of the experiment would be to carry it out with individual radiolabeled nucleosides and ask whether the chain ______is the same for each nucleotide.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

DNA

Protein

temperature

nerve

esterification of inorganic phosphate to C5 on aldose.

nucleic acid polymer

growth rate

Explanation:

Nucleosides have nitrogen base surrounded by 5 carbon carbohydrates which is called as ribose molecule. Nucleotides is simply a nucleoside with one or more phosphate group. There are 4 different types of nucleosides which are, adenosine,  guanosine cytidine, and uridine. Nucleotides are formed from nucleosides by esterification of inorganic phosphate on aldose.


Related Questions

what objects could we find in the stratosphere​

Answers


What objects can you find in the stratosphere?: The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat.

How might the release of heavy metals into the environment be factored into the costs of using coal as an energy source?

Answers

Answer: The release of heavy metal into the enviroment could possibly be dangerous becasue of pollution.

Explanation:

Pollution can harm some factories in which the energy could stop as the metals could mix into the coal and not continue with the process and could stop the production. Hope this was helpful!

The release of heavy metal into the environment could possibly be dangerous because of pollution  be factored into the costs of using coal as an energy source

What are the types of energy ?

The energy can be defined as  ability to work or produce action and / or movement and manifests itself in many different ways, such as body movement, heat, electricity, etc.

The different types of energy include Kinetic energy which is associated with the movement of bodies. Potential energy which is  stored by virtue of a body's position relative to its surface is also called gravitational potential energy.

Thermal Energy or Heat can be defined as the energy  associated with the kinetic energy of the molecules that make up an element, it can be manifested if there is a temperature difference between two bodies.

Chemical energy released or formed from chemical reactions, Solar energy from sunlight. This form of energy is used to generate electricity through photovoltaic plates, for example.

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How does myelin increase the speed of the action potential?

Answers

It insulates the axon and assembles specialized molecular structure at the nodes of Ranvier. In unmyelinated axons, the action potential travels continuously along the axons.

For example, in unmyelinated C fibers that conduct pain or temperature (0.4–1.2 μm in diameter), conduction velocity along the axon is 0.5–2.0 m/s (as fast as you walk or jog).

I hope this helps have a great day :)

Endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions

a. Have more energy in the reactants than in the products

b. Have more energy in the products than in the reactants

c. Are illustrated by the breakdown of glucose (cellular respiration)

d. Can release heat as waste energy

Answers

B. Engergonic reactions absorb energy and store it in the chemical bonds formed, so the products have more free energy then the reactants.

Organisms that reproduce sexually are different from organisms that
reproduce asexually in that sexually reproducing organisms have

A. a larger number of offspring

G. offspring that are nearly identical to their parent

V. more genetic variation among their offspring

E. offspring that are perfectly adapted to their parents' habitat

Answers

Answer:

I think it's V!

Explanation:

It's because they have 2 sets of genetic variations which are delivered from the (pollen in plants and sperm in animals)-while the other one is an egg which is a gamete...

"Sexually reproducing organisms make sex cells or gametes."

The diagram shows an ocean food web. Which organism is a primary consumer? krill elephant seal Killer whale Elephant seal O squid O penguin Penguin Leopard seal Squid Cod Krill Zooplankton Phytoplankton​

Answers

Answer:

Krill

Explanation:

If you look at the diagram for this assignment, you can see the main organism that produces its own food is the phytoplankton. The animal that eats that organism is called a primary consumer. So, if you were to follow the arrow from the phytoplankton (or the producer), it would lead you to the zooplankton, krill, and cod. Since there are only one of these primary consumers as the choices, you would pick the only one available for the multiple choice, which would be krill :D

Answer:

A. krill

Explanation:

None of the other organisms are primary consumers.

Can you use evidence of evolution found in individuals of a population?

Answers

Answer:

Individual organisms don't evolve. Populations evolve.

Explanation:

Because individuals in a population vary, some in the population are better able to survive and reproduce given a particular set of environmental conditions

Which of the following is a correct association?

Answers

Answer:

The first one

Explanation:

because it has the most words on their.

The correct association is option a.The cell synthesises proteins and organelles in the G2 phase (also known as the "Gap 2 phase") of the cell cycle in order to prepare for cell division.

The cell enters the G2 phase following DNA replication, which takes place during the S phase. In order to manufacture the elements required for cell division, the cell continues to expand and goes through further protein synthesis during this phase. These proteins play a role in the development of the mitotic spindle, control of cell cycle checkpoints, and cytoskeleton organisation.

The cell also creates organelles like the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum to make sure there will be enough energy and cellular building blocks for the impending division in the phase.

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organisms can be made up of many________

Answers

Answer:

individual organisms can be organized into the following levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organs systems.

organ systems > organs > tissues > cells

Which is a step in the convection cycle in the Earth's atmosphere

Answers

Answer:

Hot, less dense air rises, whereas cold air drops, because the air molecules clump together

Explanation:

Hope I helped! ;)

Which geographic concept is MOST EASILY seen in this picture? Cultural Diffusion Population Distribution Forms of Government International Borders​

Answers

Answer is population desterbution

Once it reaches full size, an invertebrate is considered:
an adult
1. a nymph
2. a larvah
3. a pupa

Answers

the answer is nymph

This graph shows the harbor seal population in the gulf of Maine for a twenty year period. A population of seals with unlimited
resources will continue to grow exponentially as shown in the graph above. What are some density-dependent limiting factors that
would prevent continued exponential growth? Choose ALL that apply.
es )

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

This graph shows the harbor seal population in the gulf of Maine for a twenty year period. A population of seals with unlimited

resources will continue to grow exponentially as shown in the graph above. What are some density-dependent limiting factors that

would prevent continued exponential growth? Choose ALL that apply.

es )

What does it mean for the brain to process information contralaterally? What about ipsilaterally? How does the corpus callosum play a role in these
processes (both contralateral and ipsilateral)? What happens when someone has a split-brain procedure?

Answers

Answer:

the answer is c I promise

Explanation:

I just took the test

describe why rocks found at the bottom of the river are smooth and flat.Please in your own words,My teacher would get mad

Answers

The rocks found at the bottom of a river smooth and flat because those are collides with each other.

Explanation:

At the bottom of the river, the rocks which are found are very smooth and the shape of these rocks are flat because the rocks at the bottom collide with each other.

This results in the chipping off parts of the rocks and this results in the surface of the rock to become smooth and becoming flat. Moreover the sand found at the bottom acts as a sand paper creating resistance and smooth-ens the rocks at the bottom of the river.

Abrasion, which is the physical wearing away of a material by friction, is the process that results in the formation of smooth and flat rocks often found at the bottom of rivers.

What is Abrasion?

Abrasion is the process of rubbing or scraping away a material, by rubbing against a rough surface or causing friction. This type of mechanical weathering can be brought about by a variety of things, including wind, water, snow, and human action. Rock, metal, plastic and wood are some of the materials that may be subject to abrasion.

This may result in material loss and modification of the appearance and texture of the surface. Natural features such as the smoothness of river boulders or the roundness of pebbles on a beach can also be the result of friction. Sandblasting, grinding and polishing are some examples of industrial abrasive applications.

Therefore, Abrasion, which is the physical wearing away of a material by friction, is the process that results in the formation of smooth and flat rocks often found at the bottom of rivers.

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what is the chemical composition of earth's core?

Answers

Answer:  metal—specifically, iron and nickel.

Explanation: Unlike the mineral-rich crust and mantle, the core is made almost entirely of metal—specifically, iron and nickel. The shorthand used for the core's iron-nickel alloys is simply the elements' chemical symbols—NiFe.

hope this helps :)

If an invasive species emigrated from a continent to a small island near the continent, what would most likely occur on the island

Answers

Answer:

Organisms on the island would migrate to a larger island.

Invasive species can cause extinctions, reduce biodiversity, compete for resources, and modify environments.

What is an invasive species?

An invasive species is a category of non-native species that has overtaken the habitat to which it was initially introduced.

Native plants and animals may go extinct as a result of invasive species, which can also decrease biodiversity, compete with native species for scarce resources, and disrupt habitats.

Preventative measures are the most practical and secure method of managing invasive species. It is far more effective to deal with invasive species early on and quickly than to try and contain an extensive infestation. The invasive species may be the target of control and management measures if eradication is not achievable.

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Question 4 I need help with

Answers

Answer:

sorry I don't know answer

I need help with my biology test. there are 6 questions.

1.True or False, There are only two broad categories called kingdoms.

2.True or False, Before classification begins, scientists first have to determine if the object is living.

3.True or False, Fungi are important agricultural organisms.

4. All living things are first classified into 5 broad categories called ______.
Class
Kingdoms
phyla

5. Animals with _____ belong to the subphlum vertebrata.
Four feet
Scales
Backbones

6. Binomial means ______ _______.
Greek names
Scientific Classification.
Two names

Answers

Answer:

1. False

2. True

3. True

4. Kingdoms

5. Backbones

6. Two names

Explanation:

I'm really sorry if I got it wrong, some of the questions are not in my Biology syllabus.

*first and second questions' answers are not sure

I NEED HELP ASAP. Ice cream atomic theory write a summary about the topic. added scientific information definite/indefinite shape & definite/indefinite volume for solids, liquids, AND gases. PLZZZZ HELP ME

Answers

Answer:

gang gang

Explanation:

What type of food do Decomposers eat?

Answers

my question keeps getting deleted but they basically eat things that are no longer living like no longer living plants and , animals no longer living

3. Which of the following statements about exergonic (energy releasing) reactions is NOT true?

a. They release energy

b. Glucose metabolism is an example

c. Their products have more energy than the reactants

d. There is a net energy loss

e. Bonds are broken

Answers

Answer:

d. There is a net energy loss

Zoning laws establish
a. what types of buildings can be built in an area
b. the uses an area of land can be put to
who can live in an area
d. the types of business that can occupy a building
C.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided

Answers

Answer:

Land-use zones are areas in urban areas that have particular functions, such as retail, residential and industry. All cities have different land-use zones. These include: Commercial land use: hotels, shops, offices and other businesses cluster together in the central business district (CBD) at the centre of the city.

Answer:

answer a)

what types of buildings can be built in an area

Explanation:

i just took this on edu

Cancer is subject to evolution due to: Question 25 options: A) Gene flow B) Tumor cells experiencing a bottleneck event due to chemotherapy C) Natural selection and competition between cells of two different tumors D) Natural selection and competition between cells of the same tumor

Answers

B. Is some cancer cells are able to survive chemo, then those cells are able to divide/reproduce and pass the ability to survive chemo to the next generation of cells.

. During reproduction, a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. The newly formed
embryo then undergoes mitosis as it develops. The cells of the organism
differentiate in order to perform different functions for the organism.
The reason different cells perform different functions is that they -

Answers

Are coded by DNA to do their tasks.

Describe the rock layers shown in Diagram A and any forces acting on the rock.

Answers

The rock in diagram A has three horizons and no force acts on it.

What is a rock?

A rock is a geological term that refers to solid materials, made up of crystals or grains of one or more minerals. Rock is the main material in the Earth's crust.

Four diagrams of the Earth's crust are shown in the image. All four have three horizons and different forces influence them except A. These forces are caused by the movements of the Earth's lithosphere and are represented by arrows in the direction of movement.

In the case of diagram A, having no arrow means that no force acts on it. Additionally, you can see the three horizons or layers that make up this sample of land.

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What are the two theories that are combined in the synthetic theory of evolution?

Answers

The Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution combines the Darwinian theory of evolution with Mendel's genetic theory.

Synthetic theory of Evolution

The synthetic theory of evolution states that evolution are the changes occurring in the allele frequencies within the populations.

The theory explains that changes in the genes of organism are what causes the evolution of organism.

The Darwinian theory of Evolution states that organisms better adapted to their environment survive and give birth to offspring suited for their environment.

The Mendelian theory of genetics states that the combination and resassortment of genes are responsiblefor character inheritance.

Therefore, the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution combines the Darwinian theory of evolution with Mendel's genetic theory.

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If each parent has two sets of genes and chromosomes why do their offspring receive only one set from each parent

Answers

Answer:

Because we are diploid humans, and we have 2 chromosomes per set. We get one set from our mother, and one from out father. Each of the sets from our parents are haploid (1 ), so together they are a diploid(2) set. I can go into depth more with meiosis if you need.

Explanation:

Define viral plaque forming unit .

Answers

Answer:

A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume

How does air pressure (behave)?

Answers

Answer:

Pressure has a magnitude but no direction associated with it. Pressure acts in all directions at a point inside a gas. At the surface of a gas, the pressure force acts perpendicular to the surface. ... So the pressure would also push on the bottom of the box and on the sides.

Explanation:

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