Answer:
Pureform, Inc.
Materials Labor Overhead
a. Equivalent units of production 657,950 640,750 640,750
b. Cost per equivalent unit $1.4 $0.58 $0.67
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Units
Work in process inventory, beginning 64,000
Units started in process 609,000
Units available for processing 673,000
Units transferred out 630,000
Work in process inventory, ending 43,000
Materials Labor Overhead
Work in process inventory, beginning $64,800 $27,900 $34,600
Cost added during the month $856,330 $343,735 $426,740
Total production costs for the month $921,130 $371,635 $430,200
Equivalent units of production:
Units Materials Labor Overhead
Units transferred out 630,000 630,000 630,000 630,000
Work in process inventory, ending 43,000 27,950 10,750 10,750
Equivalent units of production 657,950 640,750 640,750
Cost per equivalent unit:
Materials Labor Overhead
Total production costs for the month $921,130 $371,635 $430,200
Equivalent units of production 657,950 640,750 640,750
Cost per equivalent unit $1.4 $0.58 $0.67
On Friday of each week, Prawn Company pays its factory personnel weekly wages amounting to $55,000 for a five-day work week.
Required:
a. Prepare the necessary adjusting entry at year end, assuming December 31 falls on Wednesday.
b. Prepare the journal entry for payment of the week’s wages on the payday which is Friday, January 2 of the next year.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entry is shown below:
a.
Wages Expense $33,000 ($55,000 ÷ 5 days ×3days)
To Wages Payable $33,000
(being wages expense is recorded)
Here wages expense is debited as it increased the assets and credited the wages payable as it also increased the liabilities
b. Wages Expenses $22000
Wages Payable $33000
To Bank $55,000
(Being payment is recorded)
Here wages expense is debited as it increased the assets, the wages payable is also debited as it decreased the liabilities and credited the bank as it decreased the assets
Mr. Hopper expects to retire in 25 years, and he wishes to accumulate $750,000 in his retirement fund by that time. If the interest rate is 10% per year, how much should Mr. Hopper put into his retirement fund each year in order to achieve this goal? (Assume that he will deposit the same amount each year into his retirement fund, beginning 1 year from today.)
Answer:
$7,626.05
Explanation:
Future value of annuity = PMT*[((1+r)^n - 1) / r]
$750,000 = PMT * [((1+0.10)^25 - 1) / 0.10]
$750,000 = PMT * [9.8347059/0.10]
$750,000 = PMT * 98.347059
PMT = $750,000/98.347059
PMT = $7626.05417616
PMT = $7,626.05
So, Mr. Hopper need to put $7,626.05 into his retirement fund each year in order to achieve the goal.
All That Blooms provides environmentally friendly lawn services for homeowners. Its operating costs are as follows.
Depreciation $1,224 per month
Advertising $153 per month
Insurance $1,683 per month
Weed and feed materials $10 per lawn
Direct labor $8 per lawn
Fuel $2 per lawn
All That Blooms charges $50 per treatment for the average single-family lawn.
Determine the company
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
Total fixed costs is
= depreciation + advertising + insurance
= 1224 + 153 + 1683
= $3060 per month
Now
Total variable cost per unit
= weed + direct labor + fuel
= 10 + 8 + 2
= $20/ per lawn
Now
Contribution margin ratio = (sales per unit - variable cost per unit) ÷ sales per unit
= ($50 - $20) ÷ 50
= 60%
Now
Breakeven sales is
= fixed costs ÷ contribution margin ratio
= $3,060 ÷ 60%
= $5100
And,
Breakeven sales units is
= breakeven sales ÷ sales per unit
= 5100 ÷ 50
= 102 lawns
Chico Company paid $950,000 for a basket purchase that included office furniture, a building and land. An appraiser provided the following estimates of the market values of the assets if they had been purchased separately: Office furniture, $190,000; Building, $740,000; and Land, $132,000. Based on this information, what is the cost that should be allocated to the office furniture
Answer:
$171,000
Explanation:
The company psid $950,000 for office furniture, building and land
The market value of the assets is
Office furniture= $190,000
Building= $740,000
Land= $132,000
Therefore the cost that should be allocated to the office furniture can be calculated as follows
= 18/100 × 950,000
= 0.18×950,000
= 171,000
Suppose a chair manufacturer is producing in the short run (with its existing plant and equipment). The manufacturer has observed the following levels of production corresponding to different numbers of workers:
Number of Workers Number of Chairs
1 10
2 18
3 24
4 28
5 30
6 28
7 25
a. Calculate the marginal and average product of labor for this production function.
b. Does this production function exhibit diminishing returns to labor
Answer:
(a)
MP = TPn - TPn-1
AP = TP/Q
No. of workers No. of chairs MP AP
1 10 - 10
2 18 8 9
3 24 6 8
4 28 4 7
5 30 2 6
6 28 - 2 4.6
7 25 -3 3.5
(b) Yes, this production function exhibits diminishing returns to labor. As we increase the number of laborers, the output per worker falls. we will see that the AP is falling with the rise parturient.
A company rents a building with a total of 60,000 square feet, which are evenly divided between two floors. The company allocates the rent for space on the first floor at twice the rate of space on the second floor. The total monthly rent for the building is $36,000. How much of the monthly rental expense should be allocated to a department that occupies 12,000 square feet on the second floor
Answer:
Cost allocated= $7,200
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Total number of square feet= 60,000
Total estimated costs= $36,000
Department square feet= 12,000
First, we need to calculate the cost allocation for each square foot:
Cost allocation rate= 36,000 / 60,000= $0.6 per square foot
Now, we can allocate costs to the department:
Cost allocated= 0.6*12,000
Cost allocated= $7,200
Look up Selling Manager Pro on eBay’s site. Compare the free and paid versions.
On eBay, Selling Manager Pro is a tool for organising and monitoring sales. The paid version includes advanced features like inventory management and sales reporting, while the free version only has basic features.
Why do people prefer free apps?For a number of reasons, people favour free apps. Free apps are a desirable option for people who may not have the funds or desire to pay for an app because they are accessible and don't require any financial commitment. Free apps also frequently offer a basic level of functionality, which may be adequate for many users. Additionally, they can be used to evaluate an app's features before purchasing a paid version. Finally, advertisements are frequently used to subsidise free apps, which can give developers access to additional revenue streams without negatively affecting users. Overall, the popularity of free apps illustrates how important affordability and accessibility are in the contemporary digital market.
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A large cable company is the only provider of cable TV and Internet for a small community. As a result, consumers in the community who want either of these services must purchase from this company. In which of the following economic markets is the cable company operating?
a. Oligopoly
b. Monopolistic
c. Monopoly
d. Perfect
Answer:
b. Monopolistic
Explanation:
monopoly or monopolistic operation can be regarded as an operation that involves specific person or specific firm being the only supplier existing as the supplier of a particular commodity.
It can be regarded as economic market structure that give room to specific person as the only one suppling the particular good.
The cable company is operating in a monopolistic market. A monopoly or monopolistic operation can be defined as one in which a singular person or specific company serves as the only supplier of a given commodity. Thus, option B is correct.
It can be viewed as an economic market structure where a specific person is allowed to be the only supplier of a given good. Monopolistic marketplaces are those where a specific good or service is solely provided by one business.
A monopolistic market structure mimics the characteristics of a pure monopoly, in which a single business completely dominates the market and sets the supply and pricing of goods and services.
Therefore, option B is the ideal selection.
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5. For the following observations, calculate the class width for a histogram.
4
8
14
10
12
9
15
17
10
6
8
11
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
Given
The histogram
Required
The class width
The question is poorly formatted, as the histogram cannot be read. So, I will answer your question with the attached histogram
The class width is:
[tex]Width = Upper - Lower\ Limits[/tex]
Using the first class, as reference:
[tex]Lower\ Limits = 1[/tex]
[tex]Upper\ Limits = 4[/tex]
So, the class width is:
[tex]Width = 4 -1[/tex]
[tex]Width = 3[/tex]
Inga invested part of her $6000 savings in common stock and the rest in rare stamps. At the end of the year, she realized a gain of 9% on the stock and 12%on the stamps. If her savings now amounts to $6615, how much did she invest in stamps
Answer:
The amount Inga invested in stamps is $2,500.
Explanation:
Let x represents the amount invested in common stock. Therefore, we have:
Amount invested in common stock = x
Amount invested in stamps = 6000 - x
Rc = Rate of gain from common stock = 9%, or 0.09
Rs = Rate of gain from common stock = 12%, or 0.12
Amount of saving now = $6615
Therefore, we have
Amount of saving now = (x * (1 + Rc)) + ((6000 - x) * (1 + Rs)) ………….. (1)
Substituting all the relevant values into equation (1) and then solve for x, we have:
6615= (x * (1 + 0.09)) + ((6000 - x) * (1 + 0.12))
6615 = (x * 1.09) + ((6000 - x) * 1.12)
6615 = 1.09x + (6720 - 1.12x)
6615 = 1.09x + 6720 - 1.12x
6615 - 6720 = 1.09x - 1.12x
-105 = -0.03x
x = -105/-0.03
x = 3,500
Therefore, we have:
Amount invested in stamps = 6000 - x = $6,000 - $3,500 = $2,500
Therefore, the amount Inga invested in stamps is $2,500.
Several years ago, Alcoa was effectively the sole seller of aluminum because the firm owned nearly all of the aluminum ore reserves in the world. This market was not perfectly competitive because this situation violated the:
Answer:
price-taking assumption.
free entry assumption.
Explanation:
A perfectly competitive market is one in which different firms compete for consumers of their products. The characteristics of the perfectly competitive market are:
- products are nearly identical
- all the firms are price takers. That is they are not able to determine price independently
- buyer knowledge of information about products is perfect and available to all
- free entry and exit to the market
- resources are perfectly mobile
In the given scenario above two of these rules are not obeyed.
Alcoa was effectively the sole seller of aluminum because the firm owned nearly all of the aluminum ore reserves in the world.
So they determine the price ( they are not price takers)
Also since they own nearly all the aluminium reserves there is no free entry for new firms
The most recent financial statements for Xporter, Inc., are shown here:
Income Statement Balance Sheet
Sales $5,700 Current assets $ 3,900
Current liabilities $ 2,200 Costs 4,200
Fixed assets 8,100 Long-term debt 3,750
Taxable income $1,500 Equity 6,050
Taxes (34%) 510 Total $12,000 Total $12,000
Net income $ 990
Assets, costs, and current liabilities are proportional to sales. Long-term debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 40 percent dividend payout ratio. As with every other firm in its industry, next year’s sales are projected to increase by exactly 15 percent. What is the external financing needed?
Solution :
Expected sales = current sales x (1 + projected sale next year increase)
= 5,700 x (1 + 15%)
= $ 6555
Expected cost = current cost x (1 + projected sale next year increase)
= 4200 x (1 + 15%)
= $ 4830
Taxable income = 1500 x ( 1 + 15%)
= $ 1725
Taxes (34%) = 510 x (1+15%)
= $ 586.5
Net income = sales - cost - taxes
= 6555 - 4830 - 586.5
= $ 1138.5
Calculation of total asset :
Current asset = 3,900 x 1.15
= $ 4485
Fixed asset = 8100 x 1.15
= $ 9315
Total asset = 4485 + 9315
= $ 13800
Calculation of total liabilities
Current liabilities = 2200 x 1.15
= $ 2530
Long term debt = $ 3,750
Equity = $ 6050 + (1138.5 x 0.50 )
= $ 7189
Total liabilities = $ 2530 + $ 3,750 + $ 7189
= $ 13, 469
Therefore the external financial needed is = $ 13800 - $ 13, 469
= $ 331
On StatSim, how does a firm get their market share to increase?
Answer:
I need some points please
Zimmer, Inc. started the month of January with beginning finished goods inventory of $20,000. The cost of goods manufactured during the month was $120,000 and the ending finished goods inventory was $50,000. What is the unadjusted cost of goods sold for January
Answer:
$90,000
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the unadjusted cost of goods sold for January
Using this formula
Unadjusted cost of goods sold= beginning finished inventory + cost of goods manufactured - ending finished inventory
Let plug in the formula
Unadjusted cost of goods sold= 20,000 + 120,000 - 50,000
Unadjusted cost of goods sold= $90,000
Therefore the Unadjusted cost of goods sold is $90,000
Flapjack Corporation had 7,736 actual direct labor hours at an actual rate of $12.10 per hour. Original production had been budgeted for 1,100 units, but only 961 units were actually produced. Labor standards were 7.8 hours per completed unit at a standard rate of $13.21 per hour. The direct labor rate variance is:______.
Answer: $8,586.96 Favorable
Explanation:
Direct Labor Rate Variance = Actual Cost - Standard Cost of Actual Hours
Actual cost = Actual direct labor hours * Actual rate
= 7,736 * 12.10
= $93,605.60
Standard cost of actual hours = Actual hours * Standard cost
= 7,736 * 13.21
= $102,192.56
Direct labor rate variance:
= 93,605.60 - 102,192.56
= $8,586.96 Favorable
Favorable because actual cost was less than the budgeted standard cost.
Prepare the December 31 adjusting entries for the following transactions.
a. Fees accrued but not billed, $6,300.
b. The Supplies account balance on December 31, $4,750.
c. Supplies on hand, $960
d. Wages accrued but not paid, $2,700
e. Depreciation of office equipment, $1,650
f. Rent expired during year, $10,800.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entries are shown below:
a. Account receivable Dr $6,300
To Fees Revenue $6,300
(Being fees accrued is recorded)
b Supplies Expense $3,790 ($4,750 - $960)
To Supplies $3,790
(being supplies expense is recorded)
d. Wages Expense $2,700
To Wages Payable $2,700
(being wages expense is recorded)
e. Depreciation Expense $1,650
To Accumulated Depreciation $1,650
(being depreciation expense is recorded)
f. Rent Expense $10,800
To Prepaid Rent $10,800
(being rent expense is recorded)
The _____ perspective of the Balanced Scorecard management system describes the economic consequences of actions taken in the other three perspectives.
a. customer
b. internal
c. financial
d. learning and growth
Answer: financial
Explanation:
Balanced Scorecard is referred to as the performance based metric that is used by companies for strategic management.
The four perspectives of a traditional balanced scorecard include:
1. Financial
2. Customer
3 Internal Process
4. Learning and Growth.
The financial perspective helps in improving financial results. It also describes the economic consequences of actions taken in the other three perspectives.
The Director of Taco Bell’s in-house creative agency described the workplace as an "ego-free zone," suggesting openness to his team members’ ideas, also called Multiple Choice staff validity. task validity. boundary spanning. decision informity. hierarchical sensitivity.
Answer:
staff validity
Explanation:
Staff validity is the degree by which the members form good presentations to the leader. As they can have all the information needed to make a good decision.type of power based on manager's ability to influence employees with something of value to them.
Answer:
incentive or reward
Explanation:
incentive pay, time and a half pay for overtime are examples
Consider the monopolistically competitive market structure, which has some features of a competitive market and some features of a monopoly.
Complete the following table by indicating if each attribute characterizes a competitive market, a monopolistically competitive market, both, or neither. Check all that apply.
Attributes Competitive Market Monopolistically Competitive Market
Few sellers
Free entry
Price is equal to marginal cost
Price equals average total cost in the long run
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
Considering the available options, here are the attributes that characterize a competitive market, and a monopolistically competitive market.
A competitive market is characterized by Identical products and Price = MR, while Monopolistic competition is characterized by product differentiation and few sellers.
Hence, it can be written as:
Competitive markets
Product differentiation. No
Identical products Yes
Price=MR Yes
Few sellers No
Monopolistic competition
Product differentiation. Yes
Identical products No
Price=MR No
Few sellers Yes
Exercise 8-22 Evaluating efficient use of assets LO A1 Lok Co. reports net sales of $5,856,480 for Year 2 and $8,679,690 for Year 3. End-of-year balances for total assets are Year 1, $1,686,000; Year 2, $1,800,000; and Year 3, $1,982,000. (1) Compute Lok's total asset turnover for Year 2 and Year 3.
Answer:
Total asset turnover = Net sales / Average total assets
Year 2:
= 5,856,480 / (1,686,000 + 1,800,000) / 2
= 5,856,480 / 1,743,000
= 3.36
Year 3:
= 8,679,690 / (1,800,000 + 1,982,000) / 2
= 8,679,690 / 1,891,000
= 4.59
A new machine requires an investment of $630,000 and will generate $100,000 in cash inflows for 7 years, at which time the salvage value of the machine will be $130,000. Using a discount rate of 10%, the net present value of the machine is $_________
Answer:
$-76,447.56
Explanation:
Net present value is the present value of after-tax cash flows from an investment less the amount invested.
NPV can be calculated using a financial calculator
Cash flow in Y0 = -630,000
Cash flow in Y1 - Y6 = 100,000
Cash flow in Y7 = 100,000 + 130,000
I = 10%
npv = $-76,447.56
To find the NPV using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
3. Press compute
Answer:
-76,510, (76,510)
Explanation:
what is a computer and its impact to society
Explanation:
computers have changed the way people relate to one another and their living environment as well as how humans organise their work and their time
John House has taken a 20-year, $250,000 mortgage on his house at an interest rate of 6 percent per year. What is the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment?
Answer:
$211,689. 53
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment
Step 1 is to compute PMT using Financial calculator
I = 6%
N = 20
PV = 250,000
FV = 0
PMT=?
Hence,
PMT = 21,796.14.
Now let determine the PV using Financial calculator
I = 6%
N = 15
PMT = 21,796.14
PV=?
Hence,
PV = $211,689. 53
Therefore the remaining balance (or value) of the mortgage after the payment of the fifth annual installment is $211,689. 53
The purpose of an analysis of an account is to illustrate - in the account for the period under audit
Answer:
all changes
Explanation:
Financial accounting is an accounting technique used for analyzing, summarizing and reporting of financial transactions like sales costs, purchase costs, payables and receivables of an organization using standard financial guidelines such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
An auditor refers to an authorized individual who review, examine and verify the authenticity and accuracy of business financial records or transactions.
The purpose of an analysis of an account is to illustrate all changes in the account for the period under audit. Thus, an audit of historical financial statements most commonly includes the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and the statement of changes in stockholders' equity.
There are two (2) main types of financial analysis;
I. Vertical analysis.
II. Horizontal analysis.
In Financial accounting, Horizontal analysis can be defined as an analysis and evaluation of a financial statement which illustrates or gives information about changes in the amount of corresponding financial statement items, benchmarks or financial ratio over a specific period of time. It is one of the most important technique that is used to measure how a business is doing financially. Hence, it is also referred to as the trend analysis.
Under the horizontal analysis of financial statement, we use the financial statements of two or more periods; earliest and latter periods.
Generally, the earliest is chosen as the base period while all other items on the statement for a latter period will be compared with the items on the statement of the base period.
Casey transfers property with a tax basis of $3,800 and a fair market value of $6,800 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $5,250 and $720 in cash in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $830 on the property transferred. Casey also incurred selling expenses of $461. What is the amount realized by Casey in the exchange
Answer:
$5789
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the amount realized by Casey in the exchange
Fair market value of stock $5250
Add Cash in transaction $ 720
Add Liability which is going to the buyer $ 830
Less Selling expenses ($461)
Amount realized $5789
($5250+$720+$830-$461)
Therefore the amount realized by Casey in the exchange is $5789
Jasper Company has sales on account and for cash. Specifically, 61% of its sales are on account and 39% are for cash. Credit sales are collected in full in the month following the sale. The company forecasts sales of $523,000 for April, $533,000 for May, and $558,000 for June. The beginning balance of Accounts Receivable is $304,200 on April 1. Prepare a schedule of budgeted cash receipts for April, May, and June.
Answer:
Jasper Company
Budgeted CAsh Receipts:
April May June
Cash sales (39%) $203,970 $207,870 $217,620
Cash collections 304,200 360,870 325,130
Total cash receipts $508,170 $568,740 $542,750
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
April May June
Forecast sales $523,000 $533,000 $558,000
Cash sales (39%) 203,970 207,870 217,620
Credit sales (61%) 360,870 325,130 340,380
Cash collections 304,200 360,870 325,130
Budgeted CAsh Receipts:
April May June
Cash sales (39%) $203,970 $207,870 $217,620
Cash collections 304,200 360,870 325,130
Total cash receipts $508,170 $568,740 $542,750
Biochemical Corp. requires $690,000 in financing over the next three years. The firm can borrow the funds for three years at 9.25 percent interest per year. The CEO decides to do a forecast and predicts that if she utilizes short-term financing instead, she will pay 7.50 percent interest in the first year, 12.15 percent interest in the second year, and 8.25 percent interest in the third year. Assume interest is paid in full at the end of each year.
a. Determine the total interest cost under each plan.
Interest Cost
Long-term fixed-rate $
Short-term variable-rate $
b. Which plan is less costly?
Short-term variable-rate plan
Long-term fixed-rate plan
Answer:
a. We have:
Interest cost of long-term fixed-rate = $191,475
Interest cost of short-term variable-rate = $192,51
b. Long-term fixed rate plan is less costly
Explanation:
a. Determine the total interest cost under each plan.
Interest cost of long-term fixed-rate = Amount required to be borrowed * Fixed interest rate per year * Number of years = $690,000 * 9.25% * 3 = $191,475
Interest cost of short-term variable-rate = (Amount required to be borrowed * First year interest rate) + (Amount required to be borrowed * Second year interest rate) + (Amount required to be borrowed * Third year interest rate) = ($690,000 * 7.50%) + ($690,000 * 12.15%) + (($690,000 * 8.25%) = $192,510
b. Which plan is less costly?
Since the $191,475 interest cost of long-term fixed-rate is less than $192,510 interest cost of short-term variable-rate, this implies that long-term fixed rate plan is less costly.
Cumulative Preferred Dividends Capital stock of Barr Company includes: Common stock, $5 par, 650,000 shares outstanding $3,250,000 Preferred stock, 15% cumulative, $60 par, 10,000 shares outstanding 600,000 As of December 31, 2018, 2 years' dividends are in arrears on the preferred stock. During 2019, Barr plans to pay dividends that total $360,000. Required: 1. Determine the amount of dividends that will be paid to Barr's common and preferred stockholders in 2019. Total dividend to preferred stockholders $fill in the blank 1 Total dividend to common stockholders $fill in the blank 2 2. If Barr paid $280,000 of dividends, determine how much each group of stockholders would receive. Total dividend to preferred stockholders $fill in the blank 3 Total dividend to common stockholders $fill in the blank 4
Answer:
Barr Company
December 31, 2019:
Cumulative preferred dividends = $270,000
Common stock dividends = 90,000
Total dividends paid = $360,000
December 31, 2019:
Cumulative preferred dividends = $270,000
Common stock dividends = 10,000
Total dividends paid = $280,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Common stock, $5 par, 650,000 shares outstanding $3,250,000 Preferred stock, 15% cumulative, $60 par,
10,000 shares outstanding 600,000
December 31, 2018:
Cumulative preferred dividends = $180,000 ($600,000 * 15% * 2)
December 31, 2019:
Cumulative preferred dividends = $270,000 ($600,000 * 15% * 3)
Common stock dividends = 90,000 ($360,000 - $270,000)
Total dividends paid = $360,000
December 31, 2019:
Cumulative preferred dividends = $270,000
Common stock dividends = 10,000
Total dividends paid = $280,000
What is a market that runs most efficiently when one large firm supplies all of the output referred to as?
a government monopoly
a natural monopoly
a franchise
market power
(Gradpoint)
Answer:
a natural monopoly
Explanation:
A monopoly is a market structure which is typically characterized by a single-seller (one seller) who sells a unique product in the market by dominance. This ultimately implies that, it is a market structure wherein the seller has no competitor because he is solely responsible for the sale of unique products without close substitutes.
A monopolist refers to any individual that deals with the sales of unique products in a monopolistic market.
On a related note, a natural monopoly is a market that runs most efficiently when all of the output is supplied by one large business firm. Thus, a business firm is considered to be a natural monopoly if it's capable of producing the total output of the market at a lower cost than two or more business firms could.
Some examples of natural monopoly are the United States Postal Service, electricity grid, water supply, gas network, sewer services, energy distributors, railway service, etc.
